cdapath:Vol1Profiles

VOLUME 1 - PROFILES

10 Anatomic Pathology Structured Report (APSR) Profile

This content profile describes an anatomic pathology structured report (APSR) as a digital document to be shared or exchanged between pathology laboratories and other care providers and institutions.

Anatomic pathology structured reports document the findings on specimens removed from patients for diagnostic or therapeutic reasons. This information can be used for patient care, clinical research and epidemiology. Standardizing and computerizing anatomic pathology reports is necessary to improve the quality of reporting and to facilitate the exchange and reuse of the content of these reports.

This content profile describes a digital anatomic pathology report shared in a human-readable format, which may include images, and which also contains findings and observations in a machine-readable format, to facilitate the integration of these into the database of a consumer system, and to enable the application of automated reasoning to this content.

The scope of this IHE content profile covers all fields of anatomic pathology (cancers, benign neoplasms as well as non-neoplastic conditions) as well as cytopathology.

Goldsmith J.D. et al. is the first source of specification for this content profile. This article delineates the required, preferred, and optional elements which should be included in any report of surgical pathology.

This source is complemented by the “Cancer Checklists” produced by the College of American Pathologists, and by the “comptes rendus d’anatomopathologie : données minimales à renseigner pour une tumeur primitive” produced by the French society of pathology (SFP) for the French cancer institute (INCa ), and by the German "Guideline Pathology / Neuropathology" (formerly TM-30) of the Sector Committee Pathology for the implementation of DIN EN ISO/EC 17020.

This profile has also benefited from the guidance on cancer AP reports provided by the North-American Association of Central Cancer Registries; some of the example snippets captured in the profile leverage the NAACCR Standards for Cancer Registries, Volume V, Pathology Laboratory Electronic Reporting.

10.1 APSR Actors/Transactions

This section defines the actors, transactions, and/or content modules in this profile. General definitions of actors are given in the Technical Frameworks General Introduction Appendix A published here.

Figure 10.1-1 shows the actors directly involved in the APSR Profile and the direction that the content is exchanged.

A product implementation using this profile must group actors from this profile with actors from a workflow or transport profile to be functional. The grouping of the content module described in this profile to specific actors is described in more detail in the “Required Actor Groupings” section below.

Figure 10.1-1 APSR Actor Diagram

Table 10.1-1 lists the content module(s) defined in the APSR profile. To claim support with this profile, an actor shall support all required content modules (labeled “R”) and may support optional content modules (labeled “O”).

Table 10.1-1: <Profile Acronym>Profile - Actors and Content Modules

Actors	Content Modules	Optionality	Reference
Content Creator	Anatomic Pathology Structured Report 1.3.6.1.4.1.19376.1.8.1.1.1	R	PaLM TF-3: 6.3.1.2
Content Consumer	Anatomic Pathology Structured Report 1.3.6.1.4.1.19376.1.8.1.1.1	R	PaLM TF-3: 6.3.1.2

10.1.1 Actor Descriptions and Actor Profile Requirements

Most requirements are documented in Content Modules (Volume 3). This section documents any additional requirements on profile’s actors.

10.2 APSR Actor Options

Options that may be selected for each actor in this profile are listed in the table 10.2-1. These options are further detailed in PCC Technical Framework Volume 2 as indicated in the rightmost column.

Table 10.2-1 Anatomic Pathology Structured Report - Actors and Options

Actor	Option Name	Reference
Content Creator	None
Content Consumer	View Option (1) Document Import Option (1) Section Import Option (1)	PCC TF-2:3.1.1 PCC TF-2:3.1.2 PCC TF-2:3.1.3

Note 1: The Content Consumer Actor shall support at least one of these options.

10.3 APSR Required Actor Groupings

An Actor from this profile (Column 1) shall implement all of the required transactions and/or content modules in this profile in addition to all of the transactions required for the grouped actor (Column 2).

In some cases, required groupings are defined as at least one of an enumerated set of possible actors; this is designated by merging column one into a single cell spanning multiple potential grouped actors. Notes are used to highlight this situation.

Section 10.5 describes some optional groupings that may be of interest for security considerations and section 10.6 describes some optional groupings in other related profiles.

Table 10.3-1: Anatomic Pathology Structured Report - Required Actor Groupings

APSR Actor	Actor to be grouped with	Reference	Content Bindings Reference
Content Creator	ITI XDS.b Document Source OR ITI XDM Portable Media Creator OR ITI XDR Document Source	ITI TF-1:10 ITI TF-1:16 ITI TF-1:15
Content Consumer	ITI XDS.b Document Consumer OR ITI XDM Portable Media Consumer OR ITI XDR Document Recipient	ITI TF-1:10 ITI TF-1:16 ITI TF-1:15

Note 1: Each actor of APSR SHALL be grouped with at least one of the ITI actors listed in its table row.

10.4 APSR Overview

10.4.1 Concepts

This content profile represents a common digital document model applicable to any structured report for surgical pathology in all fields of anatomic pathology (cancers, benign neoplasms, non-neoplastic conditions) as well as for cytopathology.

This common model is composed of a header conveying the context of care (patient, care providers, pathologists, laboratories, order, act documented …) and a body. The body organizes the human-readable content of the report in a number of sections. Each section may also provide machine-readable content in a repeatable “entry” embedded in the section. This common model defines the order of appearance, cardinalities and internal structure of each section, and of each entry embedded in each section.

Figure 10.4.1-1 shows this general model applicable to any pathology digital report.

Figure 10.4.1-1 Common model for a digital anatomic pathology structured report

Note 1: The only section that is mandatory is the Diagnostic Conclusion section.

10.4.2 Use Cases

10.4.2.1 Use case #1: Single Report

Anatomic pathology order fulfilled by a pathology laboratory produces a report.

10.4.2.1.1 Single Report Use Case Description

Dr. Eva Surgeon, PhD, takes a ultrasound guided core biopsy from a breast tumor from patient Eve Onewoman, born on Sept 21 1971, requests the procedure “breast core biopsy specimen - pathological examination” and sends the specimen to the anatomic pathology laboratory of the Cancer Institute. One specimen (five cores) is accessioned by the anatomic pathology laboratory under the accession number A710240008. The staff performs a macroscopic examination of the specimen; gross imaging is performed if needed. The specimen with the specimen ID A710240008_A is processed for microscopic examination and other special ancillary techniques or tissue banking if needed. During the imaging interpretation process, microscopic imaging is performed if needed. At the end of the interpretation process of the macroscopic and microscopic observations and some ancillary techniques, done by the pathologists Dr. Marcel Pathologist, PhD, and Dr. Jonas Jones, M.D., Dr. Marcel Pathologist queries the Content Creator application for the appropriate APSR template, fills the form, binds some relevant images and/or regions of interest to specific observations, validates and signs the digital report.

10.4.2.1.2 Single Report Process Flow

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10.4.2.1.3 Single Report Text Example

Macroscopic observation

A. "RIGHT BREAST FIVE CORES 8-9:00" (ULTRASOUND GUIDED NEEDLE CORE BIOPSY):

Microscopic observation

INVASIVE ADENOCARCINOMA OF THE BREAST.
ICD-O-3-CLASSIFICATION: C50.3 M8500/33
HISTOLOGIC TYPE: DUCTAL.
NOTTINGHAM COMBINED HISTOLOGIC GRADE: 1 OF 3.
TUBULE FORMATION SCORE: 2. NUCLEAR PLEOMORPHISM SCORE: 2. MITOTIC RATE SCORE: 1.

IN-SITU CARCINOMA: EQUIVOCAL.

BREAST CANCER BIOMARKER STUDIES:
PARAFFIN BLOCK NUMBER: A1.
ER INTERPRETATION: POSITIVE ESTROGEN RECEPTOR ACTIVITY (ALLRED SCORE = 8, Percentage of positive cells = 85%, Staining Intensity score = 3).
PR INTERPRETATION: POSITIVE PROGESTERONE RECEPTOR ACTIVITY (ALLRED SCORE = 8).
DAKO EGFR PHARMDX IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY: NEGATIVE (0) FOR EXPRESSION OF EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR RECEPTOR.
HER2/NEU IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY: AMBIGUOUS(2+) FOR OVEREXPRESSION OF HER2/NEU ONCOPROTEIN.
HER2/NEU FISH RESULT: NEGATIVE FOR AMPLIFICATION OF HER2/NEU.

Diagnostic conclusion

A. "RIGHT BREAST FIVE CORES 8-9:00" (ULTRASOUND GUIDED NEEDLE CORE BIOPSY):

INVASIVE ADENOCARCINOMA OF THE BREAST.
ICD-O-3-CLASSIFICATION: C50.3 M8500/33
HISTOLOGIC TYPE: DUCTAL.
NOTTINGHAM COMBINED HISTOLOGIC GRADE: 1 OF 3.
TUBULE FORMATION SCORE: 2. NUCLEAR PLEOMORPHISM SCORE: 2. MITOTIC RATE SCORE: 1.

IN-SITU CARCINOMA: EQUIVOCAL.

BREAST CANCER BIOMARKER STUDIES:
PARAFFIN BLOCK NUMBER: A1.
ER INTERPRETATION: POSITIVE ESTROGEN RECEPTOR ACTIVITY (ALLRED SCORE = 8, Percentage of positive cells = 85%, Staining Intensity score = 3).
PR INTERPRETATION: POSITIVE PROGESTERONE RECEPTOR ACTIVITY (ALLRED SCORE = 8).
DAKO EGFR PHARMDX IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY: NEGATIVE (0) FOR EXPRESSION OF EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR RECEPTOR.
HER2/NEU IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY: AMBIGUOUS(2+) FOR OVEREXPRESSION OF HER2/NEU ONCOPROTEIN.
HER2/NEU FISH RESULT: NEGATIVE FOR AMPLIFICATION OF HER2/NEU.

10.4.2.2 Use Case #2: Multi-step Report

Reporting includes multiple successive steps.

10.4.2.2.1 Multi-step Report Use Case Description

A surgeon removes a breast tumor from a patient, requests the procedure “breast surgical specimen - frozen sections & pathological examination”, and “breast surgical specimen - pathological examination” and sends the specimen(s) to the anatomic pathology laboratory.

Specimens are accessioned by the anatomic pathology department. The staff performs a macroscopic examination of the specimens, gross imaging is performed if needed. The specimens are processed for intraoperative observation if needed, and tissue banking if needed (e.g., for research purpose). During the imaging interpretation process of frozen sections, microscopic imaging is performed if needed. At the end of the interpretation process, the pathologist queries the Content Creator for the appropriate APSR template, fills the intraoperative observation section, binds some relevant images and/or regions of interest to specific observation(s) if needed, validates and signs (i.e., legally authenticates) the preliminary APSR.

The day after, the specimen(s) are processed for microscopic examination and other special ancillary techniques if needed. During the imaging interpretation process, microscopic imaging is performed if needed. At the end of the interpretation process, pathologist queries the Content Creator for the preliminary APSR, fills the form, binds some relevant images and/or regions of interest to specific observation(s), validates and signs (i.e., legally authenticates) the final APSR.

10.4.2.2.2 Multi-step Report Process Flow

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10.5 APSR Security Considerations

See Appendix A of PaLM TF-1.

10.6 APSR Cross Profile Considerations

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